Cloudflare Rate Limiting (previous version)

Cloudflare Rate Limiting automatically identifies and mitigates excessive request rates for specific URLs or for an entire domain.

Request rates are calculated locally for individual Cloudflare data centers. The most common uses for Rate Limiting are:

• Protect against DDoS attacks Open external link
• Protect against Brute-force attack Open external link
• Limit access to forum searches, API calls, or resources that involve database-intensive operations at your origin

Once an individual IPv4 address or IPv6 /64 IP range exceeds a rule threshold, further requests to the origin server are blocked with an HTTP 429 response status code. The response includes a Retry-After header to indicate when the client can resume sending requests.

​​ Rate limiting and SEO

Cached resources and known Search Engine crawlers are exempted from your rate limiting rules (previous version only). Therefore, they do not affect your website’s SEO ranking.

​​ Availability

The number of allowed rate limiting rules depends on the domain’s plan:

Cloudflare Rate Limiting supports multiple levels of configuration control depending on the domain’s Cloudflare plan. The table below maps out what you can do based on your plan:

​​ Components of a rate limiting rule

A rate limiting rule consists of three distinct components:

• Request matching criteria
• Rate matching criteria
• Rule mitigation

​​ Request matching criteria

Incoming requests are matched based on request path, request scheme, request method, and (optionally) origin response code.

​​ Request path

For example:

• http://example.com/example
• http://example.com/example/*

The request path is case insensitive. Patterns cannot match content after query strings (?) or anchors (#). An asterisk (*) matches any sequence of characters, including an empty sequence. For example:

• *.example.com/* matches any path on any subdomain of example.com.
• *example.com/example.html matches example.html on example.com or any subdomain of example.com.
• * matches any page on your site.

A request for example.com/path is not the same as example.com/path/. The only exception to this rule is the homepage: example.com matches example.com/.

​​ Request scheme

HTTP or HTTPS. If none is specified, both are matched, and the rule will list _ALL_.

​​ Request method

POST or GET. If none is specified, all methods are matched, and the rule will list _ALL_.

​​ (Optional) Origin response code

For example, match a rate limiting rule only when the origin server returns an HTTP 401 or 403 status code. A triggered rule matching the response code criteria blocks subsequent requests from that client regardless of origin response code.

​​ Rate matching criteria

A rule can match on the number and time period of all requests coming from the same client.

​​ Number of requests

Specify a minimum of two requests. For single request blocking, make the path unavailable — for example, configure your origin server to return an HTTP 403 status code.

​​ Request period

A rule triggers once a client’s requests exceed the threshold for the specified duration.

​​ Rule mitigation

Rule mitigations consist of mitigation action and ban duration.

​​ Mitigation action

Rate limit actions are based on the domain plan as mentioned in Availability:

• Block: Cloudflare issues an HTTP 429 error when the threshold is exceeded.
• JS Challenge: Visitor must pass a Cloudflare JavaScript Challenge. If passed, Cloudflare allows the request.
• Managed Challenge (recommended): Visitor must pass a challenge dynamically chosen by Cloudflare based on the characteristics of the request. If passed, Cloudflare allows the request.
• Interactive Challenge: Visitor must pass an Interactive Challenge. If passed, Cloudflare allows the request.
• Log: Requests are logged in Cloudflare Logs. This helps test rules before applying to production.

For more information on challenge actions, refer to Cloudflare challenges.

​​ Ban duration

Setting a timeout shorter than the threshold causes the API to automatically increase the timeout to equal the threshold.

Visitors hitting a rate limit receive a default HTML page if a custom error page is not specified. In addition, Business and Enterprise customers can specify a response in the rule itself. Refer to Configure Advanced Response for details.

​​ Identify rate-limit thresholds

To identify a general threshold for Cloudflare Rate Limiting, divide 24 hours of uncached website requests by the unique visitors for the same 24 hours. Then, divide by the estimated average minutes of a visit. Finally, multiply by 4 (or larger) to establish an estimated threshold per minute for your website. A value higher than 4 is fine since most attacks are an order of magnitude above typical traffic rates.

To identify URL rate limits for specific URLs, use 24 hours of uncached requests and unique visitors for the specific URL. Adjust thresholds based on user reports and your own monitoring.

​​ Task 1: Configure a basic rate limiting rule

The following sections cover two common types of rate limiting rules.

​​ Enable Protect your login

Rate Limiting features a one-click Protect your login tool that creates a rule to block the client for 15 minutes when sending more than 5 POST requests within 5 minutes. This is sufficient to block most brute-force attempts.

1. Log in to the Cloudflare dashboard Open external link , and select your account and domain.
2. Go to Security > WAF > Rate limiting rules.
3. Under Rate Limiting, select Protect your login.
4. Enter Rule Name and Enter your login URL in the Protect your login dialog that appears.
5. Select Save.
6. The Rule Name appears in your Rate Limiting rules list.

​​ Create a custom rate limiting rule

1. Log in to the Cloudflare dashboard Open external link , and select your account and domain.

2. Go to Security > WAF > Rate limiting rules.

3. Select Create rate limiting rule. A dialog opens where you specify the details of your new rule.

   

4. Enter a descriptive name for the rule in Rule Name.

5. For If Traffic Matching the URL, select an HTTP scheme from the dropdown and enter a URL.

6. In from the same IP address exceeds, enter an integer greater than 1 to represent the number of requests in a sampling period.

7. For requests per, select the sampling period (the period during which requests are counted). Domains on Enterprise plans can enter manually any duration between 10 seconds and 3,600 seconds (one hour).

8. For Then, pick one of the available actions based on your plan. Review the Rule mitigation section for details.

9. If you selected Block or Log, for matching traffic from that visitor for, select how long to apply the option once a threshold has been triggered. Domains on Enterprise plans can enter any value between 10 seconds and 86,400 seconds (24 hours).

10. To activate your new rule, select Save and Deploy.

The new rule appears in the rate limiting rules list.

In general, when setting a lower threshold:

1. Leave existing rules in place and add a new rule with the lower threshold.
2. Once the new rule is in place, wait for the action duration of the old rule to pass before deleting the old rule.

When setting a higher threshold (due to legitimate client blocking), increase the threshold within the existing rule.

​​ Task 2: Configure Advanced Criteria (only Business and Enterprise plans)

The Advanced Criteria option configures which HTTP methods, header responses, and origin response codes to match for your rate limiting rule.

To configure your advanced criteria for a new or existing rule:

1. Expand Advanced Criteria.

   

2. Select a value from Method(s). The default value is ANY, which matches all HTTP methods.

3. Filter by HTTP Response Header(s). Select Add header response field to include headers returned by your origin web server.

   The CF-Cache-Status header appears by default so that Cloudflare serves cached resources rather than rate limit those resources. To also rate limit cached resources, remove this header by selecting X or enable Also apply rate limit to cached assets.

   If you have more than one header under HTTP Response Header(s), an AND boolean logic applies. To exclude a header, use the Not Equals option. Each header is case insensitive.

4. Under Origin Response code(s), enter the numerical value of each HTTP response code to match. Separate two or more HTTP codes with a comma (for example: 401, 403).

5. (Optional) Configure additional rate limiting features, based on your plan.

6. Select Save and Deploy.

​​ Task 3: Configure Advanced Response (only Business and Enterprise plans)

The Advanced Response option configures the information format returned by Cloudflare when a rule’s threshold is exceeded. Use Advanced Response when you wish to return static plain text or JSON content.

To configure a plain text or JSON response:

1. Expand Advanced Response.

   

2. Select a Response type format other than the default: Custom JSON or Custom TEXT.

3. Enter the plain text or JSON response you wish to return. The maximum response size is 32 KB.

4. (Optional) Configure additional rate limiting features, based on your plan.

5. Select Save and Deploy.

​​ Using a custom HTML page or a redirect

If you wish to display a custom HTML page, configure an custom page for HTTP 429 errors (Too many requests) in the dashboard. Cloudflare will display this page when you select Default Cloudflare Rate Limiting Page in Response type (the default value for the field).

You can use the following method to redirect a rate-limited client to a specific URL:

1. Create an HTML page on your server that will redirect to the final URL of the page you wish to display. Include a meta refresh Open external link tag in the page content, like in the following example:

   <!doctype html>
   <html>
   
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf-8">
     <title>Custom RL page</title>
     <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url='https://yourzonename/block'" />
   </head>
   
   <body> </body>
   
   </html>
   

   Take note of the public URL of the page you created.

2. In the Cloudflare dashboard, go to Account Home > Configurations > Custom Pages.

3. Under 429 errors, select Custom Pages.

4. Enter the URL of the page you created on your server — the page containing the meta refresh tag — and select Publish.

Follow the same approach if you wish to return plain text or JSON content but the response is larger than 32 KB. In this case, the redirect URL would be the URL of the plain text or JSON resource you would like to display.

​​ Task 4: Configure the Bypass option (Enterprise plans only)

Bypass creates an allowlist or exception so that no actions apply to a specific set of URLs even if the rate limit is matched.

To configure Bypass:

1. Expand Bypass.

2. In Bypass rule for these URLs, enter the URL(s) to exempt from the rate limiting rule. Enter each URL on its own line. An HTTP or HTTPS specified in the URL is automatically removed when the rule is saved and instead applies to both HTTP and HTTPS.

   

3. (Optional) Configure additional rate limiting features, based on your plan.

4. Select Save and Deploy.

​​ Analytics

View rate limiting analytics in Analytics > Security. Rate Limiting analytics uses solid lines to represent traffic that matches simulated requests and dotted lines to portray actual blocked requests. Logs generated by a rate limiting rule are only visible to Enterprise customers via Cloudflare Logs.

Cloudflare returns an HTTP 429 error for blocked requests. Details on blocked requests per location are provided to Enterprise customers under Status codes in the analytics dashboard available at Analytics > Traffic.

​​ Order of rule execution

Rate limiting rules are evaluated from the most recently created rule to the oldest rule.

For example, if a request matches the following two rules:

• Rule #1: Matching with test.example.com (created on 2024-03-01)
• Rule #2: Matching with *.example.com* (created on 2024-03-12)

Then rule #2 will trigger first because it was created last.

Additionally, when there is a match and the WAF applies a Log action, it continues evaluating other rate limiting rules, since Log is a non-terminating action. If the WAF applies any other action, no other rules will be evaluated.

​​ Limitations

Rate Limiting is designed to limit surges in traffic that exceed a user-defined rate. The system is not designed to allow a precise number of requests to reach the origin server. There might be cases where a delay is introduced between detecting the request and updating the internal counter. Because of this delay, which can be up to a few seconds, excess requests could still reach the origin before an action such as blocking or challenging is enforced.

​​ Related resources

• Troubleshooting Rate Limiting (previous version)
• Configure Rate Limiting via the Cloudflare API Open API docs link